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A breakaway region in Europe is asking Russia for protection. Here's what to know

Pro-Russian rebels in Tiraspol have asked Russia for protection. The rebels are seen here waving the Transnistrian and Russian flags, in 2014. (Vadim Denisov / AFP / Getty Images via CNN Newsource) Pro-Russian rebels in Tiraspol have asked Russia for protection. The rebels are seen here waving the Transnistrian and Russian flags, in 2014. (Vadim Denisov / AFP / Getty Images via CNN Newsource)
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Pro-Russian rebels in a separatist sliver of Moldova have asked President Vladimir Putin to protect their region from what they claim are threats from Moldova鈥檚 government.

Transnistria, which illegally split from Moldova as the Soviet Union crumbled, has remained firmly within the Kremlin鈥檚 orbit while Moldova, which borders Ukraine, is bidding to join the European Union.

In a special congress on Wednesday, politicians in Transnistria asked Moscow to guard it from 鈥渋ncreasing pressure from Moldova,鈥 and the Kremlin later said protecting its 鈥渃ompatriots鈥 was a priority, Russian state media RIA Novosti reported.

While the congress initially sparked fears that Moscow could press ahead with its longstanding plan to destabilize Moldova鈥檚 increasingly pro-Western government, Moldova dismissed it as 鈥減ropaganda.鈥

Here鈥檚 what you need to know.

What happened in Transnistria?

Meetings of Transnistria鈥檚 Congress of Deputies, a Soviet-era decision-making model, are rare but often significant. A Congress of Deputies gave birth to Transnistria in 1990, sparking a war between the Moscow-backed separatists and the fledgling Moldovan republic two years later.

No country officially recognizes Transnistria, where Russia has kept a steadily dwindling military presence for decades, now standing at around 1,500 troops.

Before Wednesday, the congress鈥 most recent meeting was in 2006, when it passed a referendum calling to join Russia. When Transnistrian politicians unexpectedly announced a new meeting, analysts suggested this could lead to fresh calls for unification with Russia. Moldovan and Ukrainian officials downplayed this speculation.

The congress stopped short of this extreme outcome, instead passing a resolution appealing to Russia to provide more than 220,000 Russian nationals in Transnistria with greater 鈥減rotection鈥 from Moldovan authorities.

鈥淭ransnistria will persistently fight for its identity, the rights and interests of the Transnistrian people and will not give up on protecting them, despite any blackmail or external pressure,鈥 the resolution said, according to Russian state media TASS.

Russia鈥檚 Foreign Ministry said 鈥減rotecting the interests of the inhabitants of Transnistria, our compatriots, is one of the priorities.鈥

Moldovan authorities dismissed the congress as an attempt to stoke 鈥渉ysteria.鈥

鈥淭here are no dangers of escalation and destabilization of the situation in this region of our country,鈥 spokesperson Daniel Voda wrote on Telegram. 鈥淲hat is happening in Tiraspol [the region鈥檚 capital] is a propaganda event.鈥

In a statement to CNN, Moldova鈥檚 bureau of reintegration said it 鈥渞ejects the propagandistic declarations of Tiraspol and reminds that the Transnistrian region benefits from the policies of peace, security and economic integration with the EU, which are advantageous for all citizens.鈥

Meanwhile, US State Department spokesperson Matt Miller said Wednesday that the United States is 鈥渨atching Russia鈥檚 actions in Transnistria and the broader situation there very closely.鈥

Why hold a congress now?

Russia鈥檚 war in Ukraine has had a profound effect on Transnistria鈥檚 economy. Ukraine closed its border with Transnistria when the war began, cutting off about a of the enclave鈥檚 trade. While it still receives Russian gas free of charge, the agreement to allow gas transit through Ukraine will expire in December, and there is no guarantee the agreement will be extended.

The war also spurred Moldova to try to resolve its decades-long conflict with Transnistria. Partly in response to the war, the EU granted Moldova candidate status in June 2022, and in December 2023 gave the green light to begin accession negotiations.

While Moldova鈥檚 President Maia Sandu indicated she would be willing to join the EU without Transnistria, reunification may streamline the process. A recent for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace argued that 鈥淢oldova鈥檚 strategy is to hurry the process along by making life as difficult as possible鈥 for Transnistria.

In this vein, Moldova unexpectedly scrapped customs duty reliefs for Transnistrian businesses in January, forcing them to pay levies to both Transnistria and Moldova.

Dumitru Minzarari, a lecturer in security studies at the Baltic Defense College, told CNN that Transnistria鈥檚 decision to hold a special congress was 鈥渄irectly triggered鈥 by Moldova鈥檚 reintroduction of customs duties.

鈥淏y offering the separatist region tax exemptions, the Moldovan government had been practically funding the existence of a separatist regime in Tiraspol,鈥 Minzarari said 鈥 an arrangement the government no longer felt it had to tolerate.

Minzarari said the dispute had created opportunities for Russian authorities to 鈥渇ish in troubled waters.鈥

Why is Russia interested in Moldova?

If Russia鈥檚 invasion of Ukraine had gone as planned, it would have captured the capital Kyiv in days and the rest of the country in weeks, sweeping across Ukraine鈥檚 coastline to the southwestern city of Odesa near Transnistria.

The then-commander of Russia鈥檚 Central Military Region, Maj. Gen. Rustam Minnekaev, said one aim of the so-called 鈥渟pecial military operation鈥 was to establish a corridor through southern Ukraine to Transnistria, as Russia seeks to reunite with its 鈥渃ompatriots abroad.鈥

Although Ukraine halted Moscow鈥檚 progress at Kherson, around 350 kilometres (220 miles) from Transnistria, analysts have stressed that Russia has retained designs on Moldova.

鈥淭he Kremlin seeks to use Transnistria as a Russian-controlled proxy that it can use to derail Moldova鈥檚 EU accession process, among other things,鈥 the Institute for the Study of War, a US-based think tank, warned in a report last week.

Just as Russia deemed Ukraine鈥檚 shift in 2014 toward the EU to be unacceptable 鈥 and used military force to prevent it 鈥 so too is it keen to prevent the same in Moldova. CNN last year saw a document drawn up by Russia鈥檚 security service, the FSB, which detailed its plan to destabilize Moldova and thwart its tilt to the West.

Putin justified Russia鈥檚 2014 annexation of Crimea and military operations in Donetsk and Luhansk as an effort to protect Russian-speaking citizens in eastern Ukraine, whom he alleged were under threat from Kyiv.

Minzarari said there were 鈥渟trong parallels鈥 between that rhetoric and the sort used recently by the Transnistrian government. In an with RIA Novosti, President Vadim Kranoselsky claimed that the Moldovan government was preparing to carry out terror attacks against Transnistria ahead of a possible invasion, without providing evidence.

However, other analysts argue that, rather than underscoring Russia鈥檚 influence on the region, the situation in Transnistria is instead a reminder of how Moscow has so far failed to achieve its key war aims.

鈥淎 Transnistrian appeal for annexation rejected by Russia would be a major PR coup for Ukraine, reminding Russians and Ukrainians that what commentators believed two years ago were modest goals for the war are now too far beyond Russia鈥檚 reach to even entertain,鈥 Ben Dubow, a non-resident fellow at the Center for European Policy Analysis, told CNN.

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