They are precise, small in size, able to effectively penetrate air defences when fired in groups and, above all, they're cheap.
In Russia's invasion of Ukraine, killer drones have cemented their reputation as a potent, cost-effective weapon that can seek out and destroy targets while simultaneously spreading the kind of terror that can fray the resolve of soldiers and civilians alike.
They're also quickly surpassing missiles as the remote weapon of choice. Known as "the poor man's cruise missile," the flying death machines can flood any combat theatre much more cheaply.
Russia's unleashing of successive waves of the Iranian-made Shahed drones over Ukraine has multiple goals -- taking out key targets, crushing morale, and ultimately draining the enemy's war chest and weapons as they try to take them out.
HOW DO WARTIME DRONES WORK?
Drones, remote-controlled or preprogrammed vehicles, have been used extensively in battle to gather intelligence or deliver explosives. There are many types, and the sophisticated ones used by the U.S. military and others that launch missiles and fly away are perhaps better known.
The Shahed drones that Russia has rebranded as Geran-2 are far cruder: Packed with explosives, they can be preprogrammed with a target's GPS coordinates. They are known as suicide drones because they nosedive into targets and explode on impact like a missile.
That's reminiscent of Japan's World War II-era kamikaze pilots who would fly their explosives-laden aircraft into U.S. warships and aircraft carriers.
Drones like the Shaheds are called loitering munitions by the military because when used at short range, they can hover over an area and then hit a target on an operator's command.
According to the Ukrainian online publication Defence Express, which cites Iranian data, the delta-wing Shahed is 3.5 metres (11 1/2 feet) long, 2.5 meters (8 feet, 3 inches) wide and weighs approximately 200 kilograms (440 pounds). It's powered by a 50-horsepower engine with a top speed of 185 km/h.
The drone has previously been used in Yemen and in a deadly oil tanker attack last year, said Behnam Ben Taleblu, senior fellow at the Washington-based think tank Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
And while its range is about 1,000 kilometers (621 miles), drone expert Samuel Bendett with the CNA think tank, said the Shahed is being used in Ukraine at much shorter ranges. That's because its GPS guidance system -- which is vulnerable to jamming -- isn't very robust.
Shaheds are known to have been controlled via radio under the Iranians. Whether Russia is capable of doing the same in Ukraine is unclear.
Because they are cheap and plentiful, Russia has increasingly used Shaheds over Ukraine. Their use allows Russia to avoid putting sophisticated aircraft and pilots at risk and save its limited stock of expensive long-range precision missiles.
In Monday's attack on the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv, the city's mayor, Vitali Klitschko, said 28 drones made up waves of successive attacks. Fired from a truck launcher in rapid succession, the drones can fly low and slow, better able to avoid radar detection.
They don't technically swarm, Bendett noted. That kind of sophisticated drone technology exists -- when multiple uncrewed aerial vehicles communicate with one another. Instead, the Shahed is simply launched in bunches in order to overwhelm defences, particularly in civilian areas. "They know that most will not make it through," he said.
Their power to terrorize exceeds their explosive might, however.
According to Mykola Bielieskov, a research fellow at Ukraine's National Institute for Strategic Studies, the Shahed only carries a 40-kilogram (88-pound) explosive charge, which pales in comparison to the explosive force that a conventional missile's 480-kilogram (1,050-pound) warhead can deliver at a much longer range.
"It is difficult to hit serious targets with such drones," Bielieskov said.
SMALL PUNCH BUT LOW COST
At a mere US$20,000 apiece, the Shahed is only a tiny fraction of the cost of a full-size missile. For example, Russia's Kalibr cruise missiles, which have seen widespread use in eight months of war, cost the Russian military about US$1 million each.
At such a low cost, the Shahed has been used effectively to saturate targets, whether a fuel depot or infrastructure and utilities like power or water stations. Russia has used them with precision in combination with intelligence drones to attack Ukrainian artillery, said Bendett.
Despite its small size, the Shahed's explosive charge appears powerful enough to do damage. In Monday's attacks, one drone struck an operations centre while another slammed into a residential building, ripping a large hole in it and collapsing at least three apartments, killing four people.
Bielieskov from Ukraine's National Institute for Strategic Studies said Russia is now directing Shaheds at civilian rather than battlefield targets because Ukrainian forces have "learned how to fight them effectively," intercepting a little more than half of them.
With no immediate end in sight, the conflict's financial burden will weigh heavier on Moscow, which isn't receiving billions in weapons transfers from Western nations like Ukraine is. As the conflict essentially becomes one of attrition -- who can withstand that human, material and financial burden the longest -- finding cheaper but still potent weapons will be key.
"Shahed-136 is a cheap version of a cruise missile, which Russia can't produce fast," said Bielieskov.
Taleblu said Russia will likely continue to boost its long-range strike capabilities with Iranian drones.
"This should raise alarm bells for Europe and the world," he said.
Russian officials haven't issued any data about the number of missiles fired during the conflict, but Ukraine's defence minister recently alleged that Russia has used most of its high-precision missile arsenal.
A WAR OF NERVES
The incessant buzzing of the propeller-driven Shahed drones -- dubbed "mopeds" and "lawnmowers" by combatants -- can induce terror for anyone under its flight path because no one on the ground knows exactly when or where the weapon will strike.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy seized on the drones' terror element, posting on social media: "The whole night, and the whole morning, the enemy terrorizes the civilian population."
Bielieskov conceded that Shahed drone strikes stir fears that Ukraine's air defences are inadequate. But he said their use -- even in large numbers -- can't reverse Ukraine's battlefield gains.
