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Why Tuesday's vice presidential debate could matter more than history suggests

This combination of photos shows Republican vice presidential nominee Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, left, on Aug. 6, 2024, in Philadelphia, and Democratic vice presidential candidate Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Aug. 9, 2024, in Glendale, Ariz. (AP Photo) This combination of photos shows Republican vice presidential nominee Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio, left, on Aug. 6, 2024, in Philadelphia, and Democratic vice presidential candidate Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Aug. 9, 2024, in Glendale, Ariz. (AP Photo)
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WASHINGTON -

Tim Walz and JD Vance might have the chance to reshape the political landscape Tuesday in their first and only debate.

Vice presidential picks have traditionally taken on the role of political attack dog, laying into opponents so that their running mate can appear above the political fray. That's generally been less true since former President Donald Trump scrambled political norms.

But Walz, the Democratic governor of Minnesota, made it to national prominence by labeling rival Republicans 鈥渨eird.鈥 Vance, the Republican junior senator from Ohio, has torn into U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris ' party on immigration, notably by spreading a false story about Haitian immigrants in his home state that Trump then cited during his own debate with Harris.

Here's a look at past vice presidential debates 鈥 and the larger role of the office Walz and Vance are both seeking.

What is the U.S. vice president's job?

The vice president presides over the Senate and is empowered to break ties, as Harris has done a record 33 times. She exceeded the previous high mark last year, which had held since John C. Calhoun was vice president from 1825 to 1832. The officeholder also presides ceremonially in Congress over the certification of electoral results, which then-U.S. vice president Mike Pence did even after a mob of Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021, in a bid to halt the process and transition of power, with some chanting, 鈥淗ang Mike Pence!鈥

But the vice president's main job is to be ready to take over if something happens to the president. Nine have done so following a president鈥檚 death or departure from office 鈥 the last being Gerald Ford, who became president when Richard Nixon resigned in 1974.

The Constitution鈥檚 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, spelled out the succession rules, stating that the vice president becomes president 鈥渋n case of the removal of the president from office or of his death or resignation.鈥 It also allowed the president and Congress to nominate and approve a new vice president if that office is vacated.

Vice presidential historian Joel K. Goldstein said two recent assassination attempts against Trump raise "the saliency of succession.鈥 But he added that many voters view vice presidential nominees as appendages of the candidates who selected them, not necessarily as potential future presidents themselves.

鈥淧eople do look at somebody as, are they ready to be a heartbeat away?鈥 Goldstein said. 鈥淏ut it is also a question of how good a decisionmaker is the person who chose them.鈥

Memorable vice presidential debates featured Palin, Bentsen 鈥 and Harris

In 1992, Adm. James Stockdale, running mate of third-party candidate Ross Perot, was going for breezy but seemed befuddled when he opened the debate by saying, 鈥淲ho am I? Why am I here?鈥 His later response to a question, 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 have my hearing aid turned up,鈥 only reinforced that perception.

The debate between No. 2s was highly anticipated in 2008 after Republican Arizona Sen. John McCain selected Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin as his running mate and saw a bump in the polls. But her showdown with then-Delaware Sen. Joe Biden is best remembered for Palin approaching him before the start and saying, 鈥淐an I call you Joe?鈥 That was Palin attempting to keep from mistakenly calling her opponent 鈥淥鈥橞iden,鈥 conflating Biden鈥檚 name with that of his running mate, then-Illinois Sen. Barack Obama.

The vice presidential nominee and Texas Democratic senator, Lloyd Bentsen, offered a stinging rejoinder against his opponent, Republican Sen. Dan Quayle of Indiana, in 1988. After Quayle compared himself to John F. Kennedy, Bentsen replied, 鈥淵ou鈥檙e no Jack Kennedy, senator.鈥 But it was one of the Democratic ticket's few high points in a race it lost handily.

In 2020, Harris faced off with Republican Vice President Mike Pence and declared when he tried to interrupt her, 鈥淚鈥檓 speaking,鈥 a line she鈥檚 reprised in this campaign. But both candidates might have been overshadowed by a fly that perched on Pence's hair for what felt like an eternity.

Will the debate affect the campaign?

A nominee鈥檚 choice of No. 2 has historically made little Election Day difference. This year could be different.

Historical analysis by Mark P. Jones, a political science professor at Rice University in Houston, suggests that voters aren鈥檛 really swayed by a candidate鈥檚 running mate. Even the idea of using a pick to balance a ticket 鈥 like pairing the first major party nominee who is a woman of color with a white male in the case of Harris selecting Walz 鈥 may also be overstated.

鈥淭he evidence we have is that they鈥檙e really voting for the presidential nominee,鈥 Jones said of Americans through the decades.

A key caveat might be that, given just how close the current race is looking to be in swing states, 鈥淚t鈥檚 always possible that, at the margins, it may matter,鈥 Jones said.

One reason why the Walz-Vance debate might shift more opinions this year is that Harris and Trump shared a stage only once, in early September. That means Tuesday may be the last chance before Election Day for voters to see the two tickets square off directly.

But, more likely, both Walz and Vance will simply need to avoid memorable unforced errors that can be endlessly replayed. Jones said such a race-shifting gaffe is unlikely 鈥 but not impossible.

鈥淭hey鈥檙e disciplined,鈥 Jones said. 鈥淏ut all it takes is one.鈥

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