South Sudan's government is spending at least half its budget on security and weapons while 100,000 people are dying of starvation as a result of famine caused mainly by an upsurge in government military operations, UN experts said in a new report.
The experts monitoring UN sanctions against the world's newest nation said another 1 million people are near starvation and the number of people desperately needing food is expected to rise to 5.5 million people "at the height of the lean season in July if nothing is done to curb the severity and breadth of the food crisis."
The report to the Security Council, obtained Friday by The Associated Press, said that despite the scale and scope of South Sudan's political, humanitarian, and economic crises, the panel of experts continues to uncover evidence of the ongoing purchase of weapons by President Salva Kiir's SPLA forces.
The experts called on council members to impose an arms embargo on South Sudan, add additional people blocking peace efforts and the delivery of humanitarian aid to the U.N. sanctions blacklist, and endorse a recommendation by the UN Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan to establish an international investigation into the most serious crimes committed during the war.
South Sudan's UN Mission said it couldn't comment because it hasn't seen the report.
The country plunged into ethnic violence in December 2013 when forces loyal to Kiir, a Dinka, started battling those loyal to Riek Machar, his former vice-president who is a Nuer. A peace deal signed in August 2015 and backed by the United States collapsed last July.
Fighting has spread to new parts of the country since then, and the UN has warned of ethnic cleansing. According to the report, at the end of February over 1.9 million South Sudanese were internally displaced and over 1.6 million had fled the country.
"South Sudan is now Africa's largest refugee crisis and the third largest globally, after Syria and Afghanistan," the panel said. "More than 60 per cent of the refugees are children -- many severely malnourished. Recent new arrivals are reporting intense fighting, kidnappings, rape, fears of armed groups and threats to life, as well as acute shortages."
The experts said that by far the largest-scale military campaigns have been executed by the SPLA under Kiir's leadership in Upper Nile, Unity, Western Bahr el Ghazal, Jonglei and Greater Equatoria states. The campaigns use a combination of tribal militia and Dinka SPLA forces supported by heavy weapons including Mi24 attack helicopters, L-39 jets, and amphibious vehicles acquired by the government since the war began, they said.
"These military operations have constituted an escalation of the war in multiple areas of the country during the dry season, the consequences of which are starkly illustrated by the accelerating displacement of the population," the report said. "At least one in every four South Sudanese has now been forced from his or her home since December 2013."
The experts said "the de facto collapse" of the national unity transitional government envisioned in the 2015 peace deal has left a political arrangement between Kiir and First Vice-President Taban Deng Gai, a Nuer, "that does not meaningfully include significant segments of the opposition, other political factions, and many influential non-Dinka community leaders."
The result is that Kiir and "the Dinka political and security elites ... have overwhelming influence on the political and security dynamics of the country," the experts said. The SPLA also "remains the main belligerent in the war and continues to prioritize an aggressive military approach over a political solution to the conflict."
The report said the leadership and the country as a whole continue to fracture along tribal lines, resulting in "the progressive marginalization and exclusion of non-Dinkas in the SPLA, security forces and the civilian bureaucracy." The Dinka-dominated military and security services have also targeted and alienated non-Dinkas, it said.
The report cited recent high-level resignations from the SPLA and the main opposition including one of the most prominent and last officers from Equatoria in the SPLA, Lt. Gen. Thomas Cirillo Swaka. He accused the SPLA leadership of planning and prosecuting a "tribally engineered war" in his resignation letter in February and launched his own armed opposition movement earlier this month.
On the economic front, the experts said inflation dropped from 479 per cent in December to 370 per cent in January and the economic situation "remains bleak."
"At least half of the budget -- and likely substantially more -- is devoted to security, including arms procurements," they said.
