Increasing numbers of foreign fighters for the Islamic State group and al Qaeda are returning home, potentially to carry out attacks, and are using the "dark web" or encrypted messaging that the most sophisticated intelligence agencies can't penetrate, UN experts said in a report circulated Wednesday.
The experts monitoring sanctions against the extremist groups said governments highlighted the challenge to national security from the communication methods being used by these "foreign terrorist fighters" and people being radicalized at home who need to be monitored and investigated.
They said the rise in the use of the "dark web" - a collection of thousands of websites which use tools to maintain anonymity - and especially encrypted messaging "has closed off the ability of even the most sophisticated agencies to penetrate huge quantities of messages."
The result, the experts said, is that governments are "potentially losing much of their previous technological advantage over terror groups."
Recruiters for the Islamic State group, once they engage potential fighters, also swiftly move them to "closed forums" and guide them toward encrypted messaging systems, the experts said.
The expert panel's report to the Security Council said the threat from al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and their associates "is serious and diversifying," despite military setbacks for Islamic State fighters in Iraq, Syria Afghanistan and Libya.
The Islamic State "demonstrated its ability to conduct complex, multi-stage attacks outside the conflict zone" while at the same time the role of its affiliates in the wider region was elevated, the panel said.
The near-simultaneous attacks conducted by Islamic State operatives in Paris in November 2015 and Brussels in March generated an overwhelming flow of information to command centres which governments described as a deliberate tactic by the extremist group "to make it more difficult to mount co-ordinated and targeted responses to the most dangerous continuing threats," the experts said.
Al Qaeda and its affiliates also maintained their position in various regions "and also demonstrated an ability to successfully plan and execute significant attacks," the panel said.
The experts said governments estimate that the Islamic State has up to 30,000 fighters in Syria and Iraq.
Significant numbers of IS fighters have been killed as a result of military attacks and the rate of fighters leaving the extremist group has increased, but the panel said governments report that this trend is partially offset by the continued flow of new fighters into Syria and Iraq and by forced recruitment among tribes and the use of child soldiers since 2014.
The panel said the Islamic State group's financial situation has deteriorated since last July, with oil production declining by between 30 and 50 per cent as a result of air strike targeting oil infrastructure.
"Consequently oil revenue has fallen by tens of millions of dollars per month," it said.
The group's financial woes have also led to salary cuts for fighters, the panel said, but the Islamic State continues to earn significant revenue from taxation and extortion, the panel said.
According to governments, IS may earn as much as $30 million a month from these methods which include business taxes, fees for electricity and water, rent for seized real estate and customs duties and passage fees.
In a sign of desperation, the panel said that in February IS started to tax the most impoverished civilians in areas under its control who had previously been exempt.
