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    • Crypto exchange giant FTX collapses, files for bankruptcy

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    NEW YORK -

    It took less than a week for FTX to go from the third-largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world to bankruptcy court.

    The embattled cryptocurrency exchange, short billions of dollars, sought bankruptcy protection after the exchange experienced the crypto equivalent of a bank run. FTX, the hedge fund Alameda Research, and dozens of other affiliated companies filed a bankruptcy petition in Delaware on Friday morning. FTX US, which originally was not expected to be included in any financial rescue, was also part of the company's bankruptcy filing.

    CEO and founder Sam Bankman-Fried has resigned, the company said. Bankman-Fried was recently estimated to be worth US$23 billion and has been a prominent political donor to Democrats. His net worth has all but evaporated, according to Forbes and Bloomberg, which closely track the net worth of the world's richest people.

    "I was shocked to see things unravel the way they did earlier in the week," Bankman-Fried wrote in a series of posts on Twitter.

    FTX's unraveling is causing ripple effects. Already companies that backed FTX are writing down their investments. Politicians and regulators are ramping up calls for stricter oversight of the crypto industry. And this latest crisis has put pressure on the prices of bitcoin and other digital currencies. The total market value of all digital currencies dropped by about US$150 billion in the last week, according to CoinMarketCap.com.

    FTX's failure goes beyond finance. The company had major sports sponsorships as well, including Formula One racing and a sponsorship deal with Major League Baseball. Miami-Dade County decided Friday to terminate its relationship with FTX, meaning the venue where the Miami Heat play will no longer be known as FTX Arena. Mercedes said it would remove FTX from its race cars starting this weekend.

    FTX and Bankman-Fried, as well as his brother, were also early investors in Semafor, the high-profile news startup run by former BuzzFeed editor-in-chief and New York Times columnist Ben Smith.

    Bankman-Fried has other problems as well. On Thursday, a person familiar with the matter said the Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission were looking into FTX to determine whether any criminal activity or securities offenses were committed. The person could not discuss details of the investigations publicly and spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity.

    The investigation is centered on the possibility that FTX may have used customers' deposits to fund bets at Alameda Research. In traditional markets, brokers are expected to separate client funds from other company assets. Violations can be punished by regulators. Financial company MF Global effectively failed for a similar practice roughly a decade ago when it intermingled client assets with its own bets.

    In its bankruptcy filing, FTX listed more than 130 affiliated companies circled around the globe. The company valued its assets between US$10 billion to $50 billion, with a similar estimate for its liabilities. The company appointed as its new CEO John Ray III, a long-time bankruptcy litigator who is best known for having to clean up the mess made after the collapse of Enron.

    FTX's bankruptcy is certainly to be one of the most complicated bankruptcy cases in years. The company listed more than 100,000 creditors on its filing, and with all of its customers effectively being creditors because they deposited their funds with FTX, it will take months to sort out who is owed what, bankruptcy lawyers said. Cryptocurrencies have no protections under law, and politicians on both sides of the aisle issued statements opposing any Lehman Brothers-like bailout for crypto investors.

    "Unlike a case where there's (securities insurance in the failure of a brokerage) or where the FDIC steps in with a bank failure, these customers are totally exposed," said Daniel Besikof, a partner at Loeb & Loeb LLP who specializes in bankruptcy law.

    FTX had agreed earlier this week to sell itself to bigger rival Binance after experiencing the cryptocurrency equivalent of a bank run. Customers fled the exchange after becoming concerned about whether FTX had sufficient capital.

    The crypto world had hoped that Binance, the world's largest crypto exchange, might be able to rescue FTX and its depositors. However, after Binance took a look at FTX's books, it concluded that the smaller exchange's problems were too big to solve and backed out of the deal.

    FTX is the latest in a series of cascading disasters that have shaken the crypto sector, now under intense pressure from collapsing prices and circling financial regulators. Its failure is already being felt throughout the crypto universe.

    On Thursday, the venture capital fund Sequoia Capital said Thursday it is writing down its total investment of nearly US$215 million in FTX.

    The cryptocurrency lender BlockFi announced on Twitter late Thursday that it is "not able to do business as usual" and pausing client withdrawals as a result of FTX's implosion.

    In a letter posted to its Twitter profile late Thursday, BlockFi -- which was bailed out by Bankman-Fried's FTX early last summer -- said it was "shocked and dismayed by the news regarding FTX and Alameda."

    The company ended by saying any future communications about its status "will be less frequent that what our clients and other stakeholders are used to."

    Bitcoin tumbled immediately after the letter was posted and is trading below US$17,000. The original cryptocurrency, bitcoin had been hovering around US$20,000 for months before FTX's problems became public this week, sending it down briefly to around US$15,500.

    Shares of the publicly traded cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase and the online trading platform Robinhood each rose nearly 12%.

    ----

    Reporters Matt Ott and Michael Balsamo in Washington contributed.

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