SANTIAGO, Chile -- Chileans gathered Tuesday for a 12th day of demonstrations that began with youth protests over a subway fare hike and have become a leaderless national movement demanding greater equality and better public services in a country long seen as an economic success story.
Meanwhile, a move to change or replace Chile's dictatorship-era constitution, one of protesters' main demands, appeared to gather momentum in the country's congress.
Hundreds of protesters marched in central Santiago by early afternoon, including kindergarten teachers and health care workers demanding more resources and better conditions at work. Thousands more were expected to press their call for changes to a market-dominant socio-economic model that has fully or partially privatized pensions, health and education.
Some demonstrators are angry about the retirement system, which forces Chileans to hand over 10 per cent of their income to private fund managers and then receive pensions that barely cover a third of most people's monthly expenses. Others fume about a public health system that makes many wait months for an appointment with a specialist, or seek expensive private care. Still others resent university loans that they are still paying into their '40s and '50s, even as 1% of the population earns 33 per cent of the nation's wealth, making Chile the most unequal country in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development group of wealthy nations.
Virtually none have been satisfied by President Sebastian Pinera's response to the protests, which includes replacing eight ministers, calling for national dialogue, offering small increases in the minimum wage and the lowest pensions, higher taxes on the wealthy and decreases in the prices of medicine and electricity.
Pinera, a billionaire businessman who sees the private sector and economic growth as the keys to national success, may be hoping that his relatively minor concessions will calm the streets as protests approach the two-week mark, said Lucia Dammert, a sociologist and political scientist at the University of Santiago. It remains uncertain if that will happen, she said.
"It's really unclear what the government's strategy is. They find themselves facing a situation they weren't prepared for," she said. "This is a government with an intense focus on economic growth. ... They may be thinking that the streets will quiet down as time passes and people get exhausted."
Pinera's approval is at 14 per cent, according to recent polls, but protests have focused mostly on replacing the constitution, saying its focus on prioritizing private control of virtually every aspect of the economy is the root of the country's problems, regardless of who's in power.
"His proposals are a joke; they're not really the solutions that the people want," said Lindsay Silva, a 24-year-old student working on a degree in physical therapy and health at the University of Santiago. "Inequality affects me every day because my family can't pay its bills and has to make big sacrifices in order for me to have opportunities."
Alongside mainstream protesters, groups of young people have been attacking shops and subway stations, saying only violence will force government concessions. The vandalism has included the arson of a building in central Santiago Monday night, along with scattered breaking of windows and setting of fires in surrounding streets.
Many protesters want a new constitution to replace the one that was written in 1980 under military dictator Augusto Pinochet and that creates the legal basis of Chile's market-driven system. That idea began to gain momentum Tuesday when the leader of one of the three parties that supports Pinera in congress came out in favour of reforming the constitution.
"The idea of changing the constitution, of eventually creating a new constitution, is getting ever stronger, and that's legitimate and must be discussed," said Congressman Mario Desborde, president of the National Renovation party. "If the constitution must be changed, it must be changed. ... I don't fear democracy in the slightest."
Six opposition parties control the House and Senate and favour changing the constitution but don't have enough votes between them to do that, making support from governing parties essential.
The opposition parties were holding meetings Tuesday to begin moving forward on constitutional reform.
From afar, Chile has been a regional success story: Under democratically elected presidents on the left and right, a free-market consensus has driven growth up, poverty down and won Chile the region's highest score on the United Nations Human Development Index, a blend of life expectancy, education and national income per capita.
In 2010, Chile became the second Latin nation in the OECD, after Mexico. Next month, Pinera will host the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, followed by the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference in December.
Pinera's proposals to calm the protests so far "are window dressing, because none of the things we've been fighting for has really been achieved," said Catalina Alfaro, 55, who hasn't been able to join the protests because she has been busy running a bakery she owns in western Santiago.
"Things in Chile could calm down if he says to our faces that we're going to change the constitution."
Social Development Minister said Sebastian Sichel said the government was asking municipalities to begin calling citizen forums as part of a national dialogue to develop concrete proposals for change out of the national protests.
He said that if citizens wanted a constitutional assembly, specially called to produce a new national charter, the government could support it.
"This can go where the citizens want it to," he said. "There are no barriers."
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Associated Press journalist Marcos Sepulveda Loyola contributed to this report.
