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    • When a massive asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs, ants began farming fungi

    A worker of the fungus-farming ant species Apterostigma collare from Costa Rica appears in a fungus garden. Shared evolutionary history seems to have benefited both ants and fungi, research finds. (Alex Wild via CNN Newsource) A worker of the fungus-farming ant species Apterostigma collare from Costa Rica appears in a fungus garden. Shared evolutionary history seems to have benefited both ants and fungi, research finds. (Alex Wild via CNN Newsource)
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    You have probably seen leaf-cutter ants carrying bits of plants, maybe in a nature documentary, at a science museum or in the 鈥溾 song at the beginning of the 1994 Disney animated film 鈥淭he Lion King.鈥

    Those ants don鈥檛 eat the leaves 鈥 instead they bring them back to their nests to feed a garden of fungi, which produce food for the ants.

    Researchers have now used DNA analysis to uncover just how long ants have been farming fungi, now described in a . It turns out these insects have been some of the world鈥檚 tiniest farmers for 66 million years, thanks in part to the asteroid that struck Earth and set off a chain of events that led to the demise of the dinosaurs.

    Fungi are a kingdom of life more closely related to animals than to plants, and many of them consume decaying plant matter. Some fungi make fruiting bodies that we know as mushrooms as part of their reproductive cycles, but they also produce a branching network of threadlike structures called hyphae. Exactly 150 years ago, scientists first discovered that leaf-cutter ants were cultivating gardens of fungi inside their nests, feeding the fungi bits of leaves and in turn eating the tips of the fungal webs.

    鈥淎nts practice agriculture just like humans,鈥 said lead study author Dr. Ted R. Schultz, a research entomologist and curator of hymenoptera at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. 鈥淭hey have small brains, and yet they manage to carry out this complicated suite of behaviors.鈥

    A better understanding of ant farming practices that have benefited both the insects and the fungi for ages could also one day help humans develop more effective agricultural methods, according to Schultz.

    Ant farmers tend fungus gardens

    Schultz has been studying fungus-farming ants, including leaf-cutters, for more than 35 years to try to figure out how this unusual behavior evolved.

    To trace the evolution of this relationship between ants and fungi, Schultz and his colleagues built complex family trees. Using the DNA from 475 species of fungi, including 288 species known to be cultivated by ants, the researchers pieced together how all these organisms are related. The study team did the same thing for 276 species of ants, including 208 species of fungus farmers.

    The family trees are based on how similar or dissimilar the different species鈥 genomes are, and the lengths of the tree branches are dictated by how much genetic change there is from one species to another. These genetic differences are often linked to time, with more variation requiring more time to evolve. By combining each family tree with rare fossils of fungi and ants, respectively, the scientists were able to ascertain how long ago the ants and fungi branched into the families and species alive today.

    The researchers found that the ancestors of the modern ant-grown fungi began evolving 66 million years ago 鈥 the same time that a massive asteroid collided with what鈥檚 now the Yucat谩n Peninsula in Chicxulub, Mexico. The cloud of dust from the impact blotted out the sunlight, causing a dramatic die-off of plants and animals, including the dinosaurs (except for birds). But this destruction and decay appear to have been a golden opportunity for fungi that decomposed the dead plants.

    鈥淭here鈥檚 actually evidence that fungi proliferated briefly right after the end of the Cretaceous-Paleogene event,鈥 Schultz said.

    The ancestors of modern leaf-cutters and other fungus-farming ants also diversified around this time, and they appeared to evolve in tandem with the fungi over the years to the point that some ants 鈥渄omesticated鈥 species of fungi that today are only found in the ants鈥 nests.

    Dr. Corrie Moreau, a professor of entomology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University in upstate New York, agreed with Schultz鈥檚 hypothesis that the asteroid impact led to the evolution of fungus farming in ants.

    Ants began farming fungi 66 million years ago after an asteroid hit Earth, according to a new study. Here the queen and workers of the leaf-cutter ant species Atta cephalotes tend to a fungus garden. (Karolyn Darrow via CNN Newsource)

    鈥淚t鈥檚 one of those things that they can never prove unless we get a time machine, but they line up what鈥檚 happening with the fungi and the ants with what was happening globally,鈥 said Moreau, who was not involved with the study. 鈥淵ou can see this almost one-to-one relationship.鈥

    Mutually beneficial ties

    This shared evolutionary history appears to have benefited both the ants and the fungi in what鈥檚 called mutualism. The ants get food, and the fungi get room and board, plus careful tending by the ants and the chance to spread as the insects stake out new territory.

    鈥淲hen a daughter queen gets ready to leave her mother鈥檚 nest and start her own nest, she takes a little bit of her mother鈥檚 fungus in her mouth,鈥 Schultz said.

    The ants and fungi help each other, but they might be able to help human farmers, too.

    鈥淗umans have been practicing agriculture for 12,000 years,鈥 Schultz said. 鈥淎nts, for 66 million years.鈥

    The ants employ helpful bacteria to keep their fungal crops healthy from disease and appear to have more success than human farmers often do with their crops.

    鈥淲e鈥檙e constantly dealing with antibiotic resistance and trying to find new antibiotics to overcome that,鈥 Schultz said. 鈥淚f we could figure out how they鈥檝e been doing that, I don鈥檛 see how that couldn鈥檛 inform the practice of human agriculture and improve it.鈥

    Kate Golembiewski is a freelance science writer based in Chicago who geeks out about zoology, thermodynamics and death.

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