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Space junk on 9,300-kph collision course with moon

Impact craters cover the surface of the moon as its seen over Berlin, Germany, Tuesday, Jan. 11, 2022. (AP Photo/Michael Sohn) Impact craters cover the surface of the moon as its seen over Berlin, Germany, Tuesday, Jan. 11, 2022. (AP Photo/Michael Sohn)
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CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -

The moon is about to get walloped by 3 tons of space junk, a punch that will carve out a crater that could fit several semitractor-trailers.

The leftover rocket will smash into the far side of the moon at 9,300 kph (5,800 mph) on Friday, away from telescopes鈥 prying eyes. It may take weeks, even months, to confirm the impact through satellite images.

It鈥檚 been tumbling haphazardly through space, experts believe, since China launched it nearly a decade ago. But Chinese officials are dubious it鈥檚 theirs.

No matter whose it is, scientists expect the object to carve out a hole 10 to 20 metres (33 feet to 66 feet ) across and send moon dust flying hundreds of kilometres (miles) across the barren, pockmarked surface.

Low-orbiting space junk is relatively easy to track. Objects launching deeper into space are unlikely to hit anything and these far-flung pieces are usually soon forgotten, except by a handful of observers who enjoy playing celestial detective on the side.

SpaceX originally took the rap for the upcoming lunar litter after asteroid tracker Bill Gray identified the collision course in January. He corrected himself a month later, saying the 鈥渕ystery鈥 object was not a SpaceX Falcon rocket upper stage from the 2015 launch of a deep space climate observatory for NASA.

Gray said it was likely the third stage of a Chinese rocket that sent a test sample capsule to the moon and back in 2014. But Chinese ministry officials said the upper stage had reentered Earth鈥檚 atmosphere and burned up.

But there were two Chinese missions with similar designations 鈥 the test flight and 2020鈥瞫 lunar sample return mission 鈥 and U.S. observers believe the two are getting mixed up.

The U.S. Space Command, which tracks lower space junk, confirmed Tuesday that the Chinese upper stage from the 2014 lunar mission never deorbited, as previously indicated in its database. But it could not confirm the country of origin for the object about to strike the moon.

鈥淲e focus on objects closer to the Earth,鈥 a spokesperson said in a statement.

Gray, a mathematician and physicist, said he鈥檚 confident now that it鈥檚 China鈥檚 rocket.

鈥淚鈥檝e become a little bit more cautious of such matters,鈥 he said. 鈥淏ut I really just don鈥檛 see any way it could be anything else.鈥

Jonathan McDowell of the Harvard and Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics supports Gray鈥檚 revised assessment, but notes: 鈥淭he effect will be the same. It鈥檒l leave yet another small crater on the moon.鈥

The moon already bears countless craters, ranging up to 2,500 kilometres (1,600 miles). With little to no real atmosphere, the moon is defenseless against the constant barrage of meteors and asteroids, and the occasional incoming spacecraft, including a few intentionally crashed for science鈥檚 sake. With no weather, there鈥檚 no erosion and so impact craters last forever.

China has a lunar lander on the moon鈥檚 far side, but it will be too far away to detect Friday鈥檚 impact just north of the equator. NASA鈥檚 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will also be out of range. It鈥檚 unlikely India鈥檚 moon-orbiting Chandrayaan-2 will be passing by then, either.

鈥淚 had been hoping for something (significant) to hit the moon for a long time. Ideally, it would have hit on the near side of the moon at some point where we could actually see it,鈥 Gray said.

After initially pinning the upcoming strike on Elon Musk鈥檚 SpaceX, Gray took another look after an engineer at NASA鈥檚 Jet Propulsion Laboratory questioned his claim. Now, he鈥檚 鈥減retty thoroughly persuaded鈥 it鈥檚 a Chinese rocket part, based not only on orbital tracking back to its 2014 liftoff, but also data received from its short-lived ham radio experiment.

JPL鈥檚 Center for Near Earth Object Studies endorses Gray鈥檚 reassessment. A University of Arizona team also recently identified the Chinese Long March rocket segment from the light reflected off its paint, during telescope observations of the careening cylinder.

It鈥檚 about 12 metres (40 feet) long and 3 metres (10 feet) in diameter, and doing a every two to three minutes.

Gray said SpaceX never contacted him to challenge his original claim. Neither have the Chinese.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not a SpaceX problem, nor is it a China problem. Nobody is particularly careful about what they do with junk at this sort of orbit,鈥 Gray said.

Tracking deep space mission leftovers like this is hard, according to McDowell. The moon鈥檚 gravity can alter an object鈥檚 path during flybys, creating uncertainty. And there鈥檚 no readily available database, McDowell noted, aside from the ones 鈥渃obbled together鈥 by himself, Gray and a couple others.

鈥淲e are now in an era where many countries and private companies are putting stuff in deep space, so it鈥檚 time to start to keep track of it,鈥 McDowell said. 鈥淩ight now there鈥檚 no one, just a few fans in their spare time.鈥

___

The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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