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    • Scientists reveal new details about 'screaming' Egyptian mummy's life and death

    Only a few Egyptian mummies have been found with an open mouth. A new study suggests an ancient Egyptian woman whose mummified remains were discovered in the 1930s may have died violently. (Sahar Saleem via CNN Newsource) Only a few Egyptian mummies have been found with an open mouth. A new study suggests an ancient Egyptian woman whose mummified remains were discovered in the 1930s may have died violently. (Sahar Saleem via CNN Newsource)
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    With her mouth wide open, locked for eternity in what appears to be a scream, an ancient Egyptian woman captured the imagination of archaeologists who discovered her mummified remains in 1935 in a tomb near Luxor.

    Still fascinated by the 鈥渟creaming woman鈥 who died some 3,500 years ago, a different team of scientists recently used CT scans to reveal details about the mummy鈥檚 morphology, health conditions and preservation and employed infrared imaging and other advanced techniques to 鈥渧irtually dissect鈥 the remains and understand what might have caused her striking facial expression.

    Their findings,  in the journal Frontiers in Medicine, revealed that the woman was 48 years old when she died, based on analysis of a pelvis joint that changes with age. Certain aspects of the process used to mummify her stood out.

    Her body was embalmed with frankincense and juniper resin, lavish, expensive substances that would have been traded from afar, said study author Sahar Saleem, a professor of radiology at Kasr Al Ainy Hospital at Cairo University, in a statement.

    Saleem also found no incisions on the body, which was consistent with the assessment made during the original discovery that the brain, diaphragm, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and intestines were still present.

    The failure to remove internal organs, the study noted, was unusual because the classic method of mummification from that period included the removal of all such organs except the heart.

    The researchers found that the anonymous woman stood 1.54 metres, or a little more than 5 feet, tall and suffered from mild arthritis of the spine, with scans revealing bone spurs on some vertebrae that make up the backbone. Several teeth, likely lost before death, were also missing from the woman鈥檚 jaw.

    However, the study was not able to determine an exact cause of death.

    鈥淗ere we show that she was embalmed with costly, imported embalming material,鈥 Saleem said in a news release.

    CT scans, including of the teeth (left) and brain, have revealed new details about the mummy鈥檚 morphology, health conditions and preservation. (Sahar Saleem via CNN Newsource)

    鈥淭his, and the mummy鈥檚 well-preserved appearance, contradicts the traditional belief that a failure to remove her inner organs implied poor mummification.鈥

    Only a few ancient Egyptian mummies have been found with their mouths open, the study noted, with embalmers typically wrapping the jawbone and the skull to keep the deceased鈥檚 mouth shut.

    What caused the woman鈥檚 chilling expression isn鈥檛 clear from the study findings, although the researchers put forward a grisly hypothesis.

    What mummification techniques reveal

    Saleem said the well-preserved nature of the mummy, the rarity and expense of the embalming material, along with other funerary techniques such as the use of a wig made from a date palm and rings placed on the body, seemed to rule out a careless mummification process in which embalmers neglected to close her mouth.

    The mummy鈥檚 鈥渟creaming facial expression鈥 could be read as a cadaveric spasm, a rare form of muscular stiffening associated with violent deaths, implying that the woman died screaming from agony or pain, according to the study.

    It鈥檚 possible, the study authors suggested, that she was mummified within 18 to 36 hours of death before her body relaxed or decomposed, thus preserving her open mouth position at death.

    However, a mummy鈥檚 facial expression does not necessarily indicate how a person was feeling at death, the study noted.

    Several other factors, including the decomposition process, the rate of desiccation, or drying out, and the compressive force of the wrappings, could all affect a mummy鈥檚 facial expression.

    鈥淏urial procedures or post-mortem alterations might have contributed to the phenomena of mummies with screaming appearances,鈥 the authors noted in the study.

    鈥淭he cause or true history or circumstances of the death of this woman are unknown, hence the cause of her screaming facial appearance cannot be established with certainty,鈥 Saleem said via email.

    Open-mouthed mummies

    The 鈥渟creaming woman鈥 had been buried beneath the tomb of Senmut, an architect of the temple of Egyptian queen Hatschepsut (1479鈥1458 BC) who held important positions during her reign. It鈥檚 thought the woman was related to Senmut, according to the study.

    The discovery of her remains occurred during an expedition led by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, . Her mummified body is stored at the Cairo Egyptian Museum.

    The coffin of the 'screaming' mummy is on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. (Rogers Fund, Metropolitan Museum of Art via CNN Newsource)

    Saleem said she had previously studied two other open-mouthed mummies from ancient Egypt.

    One, a mummy thought to be the remains of a , had his throat slit for his role in assassinating his father,  (1185-1153 BC). His body was barely embalmed, indicating a lack of care in the mummification process, Saleem said in the news release.

    The second mummy was a woman known as , who died of a heart attack, and Saleem鈥檚 analysis suggested her wide mouth was due to a postmortem contraction or movement of her jaw.

    Randall Thompson, a cardiologist and professor of medicine at the University of Missouri鈥揔ansas City School of Medicine, who has studied ancient mummies using CT scans to learn about the origins of cardiovascular disease, called the study helpful and detailed. He said the authors鈥 preferred explanation for the mummy鈥檚 open mouth 鈥渕ade sense.鈥

    鈥淭heir investigation helps us to understand what substances were available in ancient times and how our ancestors used them,鈥 said Thompson, who was not involved in the study.

    鈥淢ore broadly, we can learn much about health and disease from the study of ancient mummies,鈥 he added.

    鈥淔or example, we have learned that heart disease is not new, as many people used to believe. It is literally older than Moses.鈥

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