BRUSSELS -- From top-level decisions like how NATO orders its troops into action to the very granular, like repainting an airfield near the Baltic Sea coast, the U.S.-led alliance is retooling for what it fears could be years of confrontation with a resurgent and unpredictable Russia.
"After decades of peace, that peaceful period after the Cold War is now over," Poland's defence minister and deputy premier Tomasz Siemoniak said recently. "Because there are more and more crises erupting around Europe, and we have to make sure that the public understands it."
On Wednesday, Siemoniak, U.S. Defence Secretary Ash Carter and counterparts from throughout NATO opened a two-day meeting in Brussels expected to continue reshaping an organization originally founded in 1949 to deter the Stalin-era Soviet Union from overrunning Western Europe with its tanks and troops.
Following Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Crimea region, the perceived threats to NATO come once again from Moscow -- but also from surging radical Muslim extremists like the Islamic State group and on battlefields unheard of by the alliance's founders, like cyberspace.
"Today, we will take decisions to strengthen our collective defence and we will do that because NATO has to deal with a new and more challenging security environment," Jens Stoltenberg, the alliance secretary-general, told reporters as he headed into Wednesday's meeting.
Russia too has been reviving its airfields and last week it said its military will add over 40 new intercontinental ballistic missiles this year alone. In early December, it flexed its muscle by airlifting state-of-the art Iskander missiles, which can be fitted with nuclear or conventional warheads, to its westernmost Baltic exclave -- Kaliningrad.
They were later pulled back, but the deployment clearly served as a demonstration of the Russian military's readiness to quickly raise the ante in a crisis.
To continue NATO's adaptation, defence ministers are expected to order a further increase in the strength and capabilities of the alliance's Response Force, from 30,000 to as many as 40,000 troops, Stoltenberg said.
In February, at their last meeting in Brussels, defence ministers agreed to create a rapidly deployable multinational task force of 5,000 ground troops that could come to the aid within 48 hours of any NATO member menaced by Russia or other external threats.
On Wednesday, ministers are expected to decide on the air, sea and special forces units needed to complement this so-called "spearhead force." Douglas Lute, U.S. ambassador to NATO, predicted a sizeable U.S. contribution, including strategic airlift capability.
On Tuesday, Carter announced during a visit to Estonia that the U.S. will also spread about 250 tanks, armoured vehicles and other military equipment across a half-dozen of NATO's easternmost members that feel most at risk from Russia.
Earlier, the U.S. defence secretary told reporters travelling with him that the Obama administration still hopes to work with the Russians on important issues like the Iran nuclear talks, the fight against Islamic State group and efforts to bring about peaceful regime change in Syria. But Carter said NATO must adapt its deterrence and response capabilities "in anticipation that Russia might not change under Vladimir Putin, or even thereafter."
Last September, the U.S. announced a plan to spend up to $1 billion on various actions to reassure European NATO members. The funds are paying for increased U.S. troop rotations, more exercises, more prepositioning of military equipment and upgrading of infrastructure, including repainting the airfield and adding bulk fuel storage capacity at Amari Air Base in Estonia.
Since possessing an ultra-fast reaction force is pointless if NATO's 28 member countries can't quickly agree in an emergency on how to use it, defence ministers are also expected to decide on a new mechanism to "speed up political and military-decision making," Stoltenberg said.
To further promote faster decisions, "we will also improve our advance planning," the NATO chief said.
Ministers are expected to grant U.S. Air Force Gen. Philip Breedlove, the alliance's supreme commander in Europe, greater authority to mobilize troops and get them ready to go. But Stoltenberg stressed that in the event of deployment, member countries' "full political control" over alliance actions, one of NATO's guiding principles, would be maintained.
Lute said Breedlove will be given more latitude than at present to alert and assemble the reaction force. The power to decide on its use will remain with representatives of the governments of NATO's member countries, but the current step-by-step political decision-making sequence used to approve military operations will be simplified and compressed, the U.S. ambassador said.
"So it's two parts: delegate some (powers) to Phil, and streamline those that remain at the political level," Lute said.
The latest changes at NATO follow broad policy decisions taken by U.S. President Barack Obama and other alliance leaders at the summit held in Wales last September, and come at about the midway point between that meeting and the next NATO summit scheduled for July 2016 in Warsaw, Poland.
"Things over the last several years have gone at a dizzying pace, you might say," U.S. Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James said during a visit this month to Brussels. "There has been more change than I can remember ever in a single two-year period, at least in the 34 years that I have been an observer on the defence scene."
Lolita Baldor in Tallinn, Estonia and Monika Scislowska at the Zagan-Swietoszow test range, Poland contributed.
