Earth has pushed past seven out of eight scientifically established safety limits and into âthe danger zone,â not just for an overheating planet that's losing its natural areas, but for the well-being of people living on it, according to a new study.
The study looks not just at guardrails for the planetary ecosystem but for the first time it includes measures of âjustice,â which is mostly about preventing harm for countries, ethnicities and genders.
The published in Wednesdayâs journal Nature looks at climate, air pollution, phosphorus and nitrogen contamination of water from fertilizer overuse, groundwater supplies, fresh surface water, the unbuilt natural environment and the overall natural and human-built environment. Only air pollution wasnât quite at the danger point globally.
Air pollution is dangerous at local and regional levels, while climate was beyond the harmful levels for humans in groups but not quite past the safety guideline for the planet as a system, the study from the Swedish group said.
The study found âhotspotsâ of problem areas throughout Eastern Europe, South Asia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, parts of Africa and much of Brazil, Mexico, China and some of the U.S. West â much of it from climate change. About two-thirds of Earth donât meet the criteria for freshwater safety, scientists said as an example.
âWe are in a danger zone for most of the Earth system boundaries,â said study co-author Kristie Ebi, a professor of climate and public health at the University of Washington.
If planet Earth just got an annual checkup, similar to a person's physical, âour doctor would say that the Earth is really quite sick right now and it is sick in terms of many different areas or systems and this sickness is also affecting the people living on Earth,â Earth Commission co-chair Joyeeta Gupta, a professor of environment at the University of Amsterdam, said at a press conference.
Itâs not a terminal diagnosis. The planet can recover if it changes, including its use of coal, oil and natural gas and the way it treats the land and water, the scientists said.
But âwe are moving in the wrong direction on basically all of these,â said study lead author Johan Rockstrom, director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany.
âThis is a compelling and provocative paper â scientifically sound in methodology and important for identifying the dimensions in which the planet is nearing the edge of boundaries that would launch us into irreversible states,â Indy Burke, dean of the Yale School of the Environment said in an email. She wasnât part of the study.
The team of about 40 scientists created quantifiable boundaries for each environmental category, both for whatâs safe for the planet and for the point at which it becomes harmful for groups of people, which the researchers termed a justice issue.
Rockstrom said he thinks of those points as setting up âa safety fenceââ outside of which the risks become higher, but not necessarily fatal.
Rockstrom and other scientists have attempted in the past this type of holistic measuring of Earthâs various interlocking ecosystems. The big difference in this attempt is that scientists also looked at local and regional levels and they added the element of justice.
The justice part includes fairness between young and old generations, different nations and even different species. Frequently, it applies to conditions that harm people more than the planet.
An example of that is climate change.
The report uses the same boundary of 1.5 degree Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming since pre-industrial times that international leaders agreed upon in the 2015 Paris climate agreement. The world has so far warmed about 1.1 degrees Celsius (2 degrees Fahrenheit), so it hasnât crossed that safety fence, Rockstrom and Gupta said, but that doesnât mean people arenât being hurt.
âWhat we are trying to show through our paper is that event at 1 degree Centigrade (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) there is a huge amount of damage taking place,â Gupta said, pointing to tens of millions of people exposed to extreme hot temperatures.
The planetary safety guardrail of 1.5 degrees hasnât been breached, but the âjustâ boundary where people are hurt of 1 degree has been.
âSustainability and justice are inseparable,â said Stanford environmental studies chief Chris Field, who wasnât part of the research. He said he would want even more stringent boundaries. âUnsafe conditions do not need to cover a large fraction of Earthâs area to be unacceptable, especially if the unsafe conditions are concentrated in and near poor and vulnerable communities.â
Another outside expert, Dr. Lynn Goldman, an environment health professor and dean of George Washington Universityâs public health school, said the study was âkind of bold,â but she wasnât optimistic that it would result in much action.
