Financial institutions channeled more than US$1.5 trillion into the coal industry in loans and underwriting from January 2019 to November 2021, despite many having made net-zero pledges, a report by a .
Cutting coal use is a key part of global efforts to slash climate-warming greenhouse gases and bring emissions down to net zero by the middle of the century, and governments, firms and financial institutions worldwide have pledged to take action.
But banks continue to fund 1,032 firms involved in the mining, trading, transportation and utilization of coal, the research showed.
"Banks like to argue that they want to help their coal clients transition, but the reality is that almost none of these companies are transitioning," said Katrin Ganswind, head of financial research at German environmental group Urgewald, which led the research.
"And they have little incentive to do so as long as bankers continue writing them blank checks."
The study said banks from six countries - China, the United States, Japan, India, Britain and Canada - were responsible for 86 per cent of global coal financing over the period.
Direct loans amounted to US$373 billion, with Japanese banks Mizuho Financial 8411.T and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial 8306.T - both members of the Net Zero Banking Alliance - identified as the two biggest lenders.
Mizuho told Reuters in a statement that the report did not reflect the "actual situation." It said it was further developing sustainability strategies with clients via services such as transition finance and consulting.
Mitsubishi UFJ did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Another US$1.2 trillion was channeled to coal firms via underwriting. The top 10 underwriters were Chinese, led by the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 601398.SS (ICBC) with US$57 billion. It did not respond to a request for comment.
Institutional investments in companies still developing coal assets amounted to US$469 billion, led by BlackRock BLK.N with US$34 billion.
The U.S. asset manager declined to comment on Tuesday, but chief executive Larry Fink wrote in January that "divesting from entire sectors... will not get the world to net zero."
"Foresighted companies across a wide range of carbon intensive sectors are transforming their businesses, and their actions are a critical part of decarbonisation," he wrote in a letter to fellow chief executives.
BlackRock's total coal-related share and bond holdings over the period stood at US$109 billion, the NGO report said.
Comparative coal funding figures for previous years were not immediately available. Other research studies however have shown that coal investment is on the decline.
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(Additional reporting by Zoey Zhang in Shanghai and Yuki Nitta in Tokyo; Editing by Jacqueline Wong, Muralikumar Anantharaman and Jan Harvey)
